7 research outputs found
Energy of Step Defects on the TiO<sub>2</sub> Rutile (110) Surface: An ab initio DFT Methodology
We
present a novel methodology for dealing with quantum size effects
(QSE) when calculating the energy per unit length and stepāstep
interaction energy of atomic step defects on crystalline solid surfaces
using atomistic slab models. We apply it to the TiO<sub>2</sub> rutile
(110) surface using density functional theory (DFT) for which it is
well-known that surface energies converge in a slow and oscillatory
manner with increasing slab size. This makes it difficult to reliably
calculate step energies because they are very sensitive to supercell
surface energies, and yet the surface energies depend sensitively
on the choice of slab chemical formula due to the dominance of QSE
at computationally practical slab sizes. The commonly used method
of calculating surface energies by taking the intercept of a best
fit line of total supercell energies against slab size breaks down
and becomes highly unreliable for such systems. Our systematic approach,
which can be applied to any crystalline surface, bypasses such statistical
estimation techniques and cross checks and makes robust what is otherwise
a very unreliable process of extracting the energies of steps. We
use the calculated step energies to predict island shapes on rutile
(110) which compare favorably with published scanning tunneling microscopy
(STM) images
Probing the Bonding and Electronic Structure of Single Atom Dopants in Graphene with Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy
A combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy,
electron
energy loss spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations reveal striking
electronic structure differences between two distinct single substitutional
Si defect geometries in graphene. Optimised acquisition conditions
allow for exceptional signal-to-noise levels in the spectroscopic
data. The near-edge fine structure can be compared with great accuracy
to simulations and reveal either an sp<sup>3</sup>-like configuration
for a trivalent Si or a more complicated hybridized structure for
a tetravalent Si impurity
Incisive Probing of Intermolecular Interactions in Molecular Crystals: Core Level Spectroscopy Combined with Density Functional Theory
The
Ī±-form of crystalline <i>para</i>-aminobenzoic
acid (PABA) has been examined as a model system for demonstrating
how the core level spectroscopies X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
(XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) can be
combined with CASTEP density functional theory (DFT) to provide reliable
modeling of intermolecular bonding in organic molecular crystals.
Through its dependence on unoccupied valence states NEXAFS is an extremely
sensitive probe of variations in intermolecular bonding. Prediction
of NEXAFS spectra by CASTEP, in combination with core level shifts
predicted by WIEN2K, reproduced experimentally observed data very
well when all significant intermolecular interactions were correctly
taken into account. CASTEP-predicted NEXAFS spectra for the crystalline
state were compared with those for an isolated PABA monomer to examine
the impact of intermolecular interactions and local environment in
the solid state. The effects of the loss of hydrogen-bonding in carboxylic
acid dimers and intermolecular hydrogen bonding between amino and
carboxylic acid moieties are evident, with energy shifts and intensity
variations of NEXAFS features arising from the associated differences
in electronic structure and bonding
Stacking Variants and Superconductivity in the BiāOāS System
High-temperature
superconductivity has a range of applications
from sensors to energy distribution. Recent reports of this phenomenon
in compounds containing electronically active BiS<sub>2</sub> layers
have the potential to open a new chapter in the field of superconductivity.
Here we report the identification and basic properties of two new
ternary BiāOāS compounds, Bi<sub>2</sub>OS<sub>2</sub> and Bi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>. The former is non-superconducting;
the latter likely explains the superconductivity at <i>T</i><sub>c</sub> = 4.5 K previously reported in āBi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub>ā. The superconductivity of Bi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> is found to be sensitive to the
number of Bi<sub>2</sub>OS<sub>2</sub>-like stacking faults; fewer
faults correlate with increases in the Meissner shielding fractions
and <i>T</i><sub>c</sub>. Elucidation of the electronic
consequences of these stacking faults may be key to the understanding
of electronic conductivity and superconductivity which occurs in a
nominally valence-precise compound
Stacking Variants and Superconductivity in the BiāOāS System
High-temperature
superconductivity has a range of applications
from sensors to energy distribution. Recent reports of this phenomenon
in compounds containing electronically active BiS<sub>2</sub> layers
have the potential to open a new chapter in the field of superconductivity.
Here we report the identification and basic properties of two new
ternary BiāOāS compounds, Bi<sub>2</sub>OS<sub>2</sub> and Bi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>. The former is non-superconducting;
the latter likely explains the superconductivity at <i>T</i><sub>c</sub> = 4.5 K previously reported in āBi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>4</sub>S<sub>3</sub>ā. The superconductivity of Bi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> is found to be sensitive to the
number of Bi<sub>2</sub>OS<sub>2</sub>-like stacking faults; fewer
faults correlate with increases in the Meissner shielding fractions
and <i>T</i><sub>c</sub>. Elucidation of the electronic
consequences of these stacking faults may be key to the understanding
of electronic conductivity and superconductivity which occurs in a
nominally valence-precise compound
JƩrƩmie 17,1-4TM, oracle contre ou sur Juda propre au texte long, annoncƩ en 11,7-8.13 et en 15,12-14
A combination of scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and <i>ab initio</i> calculations is used to describe the electronic structure modifications incurred by free-standing graphene through two types of single-atom doping. The N <i>K</i> and C <i>K</i> electron energy loss transitions show the presence of Ļ* bonding states, which are highly localized around the N dopant. In contrast, the B <i>K</i> transition of a single B dopant atom shows an unusual broad asymmetric peak which is the result of delocalized Ļ* states away from the B dopant. The asymmetry of the B <i>K</i> toward higher energies is attributed to highly localized Ļ* antibonding states. These experimental observations are then interpreted as direct fingerprints of the expected p- and n-type behavior of graphene doped in this fashion, through careful comparison with density functional theory calculations
Local plasmon engineering in doped graphene
Single atom B or N substitutional doping in single-layer suspended graphene,
realised by low energy ion implantation, is shown to induce a dampening or enhancement
of the characteristic interband Ļ plasmon of graphene through a high-resolution electron
energy loss spectroscopy study in the scanning transmission electron microscope. A relative
16% decrease or 20% increase in the Ļ plasmon quality factor is attributed to the presence
of a single substitutional B or N atom dopant respectively. This modification is in both cases
shown to be relatively localised, with data suggesting the plasmonic response tailoring can
no longer be detected within experimental uncertainties beyond a distance of
approximately 1 nm from the dopant. Ab initio calculations confirm the trends observed
experimentally. Our results directly confirm the possibility of tailoring the plasmonic
properties of graphene in the ultraviolet waveband, at the atomic scale, a crucial step in the quest for utilising grapheneās properties towards the development of plasmonic and
optoelectronic devices operating at ultraviolet frequencies.
Due to its fascinating properties, graphene is emerging as a highly promising plasmonic
material for implementation in devices aimed at applications such as chemical and
molecular sensing, ultrafast optical modulation, non-linear optics, photo detection, light
sources and quantum optics.1-6 In the terahertz (THz) to mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectral range
graphene plasmons are associated with the collective excitation of free charge carriers and
exhibit a higher degree of tunability and mode confinement, as well as longer propagation
distances than noble metals.1-5 The graphene ācharge carrier plasmonā frequency scales as
ā . , where EF is the Fermi energy and D is the size of the graphene sheet.1, 4 This
means that the plasmon frequency can be tuned by either varying the Fermi level (e.g.
through electrostatic gating4, 5, 7, 8 or chemical doping2, 4, 5), modifying the size of the
graphene sheet4 (e.g. by making micro to nanoscale graphene ribbons4, 5 or discs3, 5, 9) or a
combination of both. Using one or both these āmethodsā to push the charge carrier
plasmon frequency into the near-IR to visible spectrum is of significant current interest in the community.1, 3, 4, 10 Existing graphene-based IR plasmonic devices already exhibit
promising properties, such as gate tuneable switching and control of the plasmon
wavelength as well as a 40-60 times reduction in plasmon wavelength (as compared to the
incident IR illumination).7, 8 While these plasmons can propagate a distance on the order of
a few times their own wavelength,7, 8 on par with measurements of plasmons in Au,8, 11 this
falls short of that expected for high purity graphene.7, 8 This has been attributed to
disorder.12 Indeed, the graphene charge carrier plasmon mobility is expected to decrease to
various degrees depending on type and concentration of dopants12, 13 and other defects,14 as well as the specific edge structures of nanoscale ribbons and similar nanoscale
geometries.4 Possible strategies for realisation of graphene based plasmonics in the near-IR
to visible spectrum, while taking into consideration the above effects (among others), are
discussed in Ref. 4
At higher spectral frequencies, in the ultraviolet (UV) range, graphene exhibits interband
plasmons resonances attributed to the collective oscillation of Ļ and Ļ valence electrons.15-
17 These interband plasmons show a remarkable degree of sensitivity to various nano- to
atomic-scale structures and defects in graphene: interband plasmon localisation has been
attributed to confinement induced by edge states of a ~1.3 nm graphene quantum disc18
and single substitutional Si atoms have been associated with a highly localised enhancement
of the interband plasmon response.19 In periodically rippled graphene (on a Ru(0001)
surface) the interband Ļ plasmon is confined to ripple āhillsā while being significantly
dampened in ripple āvalleysā.20 Admittedly showing a more limited tunability compared to
the charge carrier plasmon,4 the interband Ļ plasmon frequency is nonetheless predicted to
progressively red-shift with increasing graphene nanodisc diameter, being the most sensitive to disc diameters below 20 nm.21 However, with the exception of the above
studies, reports on other aspects of the interband plasmon response of graphene are lacking
in the literature. Such knowledge might open up avenues for future implementation of
graphene based plasmonic and optoelectronic devices operating in the UV waveband. With
this goal in mind, the present work investigates the modification of the interband plasmon
response of graphene associated with two key substitutional dopants, namely boron and
nitrogen atoms. The inclusion of B or N atoms in the graphene lattice is the focus of extensive study in the
scientific community, with the aim to modify the electronic structure of graphene.22-29
Substitutional B and N atoms have been predicted to induce a shift of the Fermi level,26, 29, 30
resulting in p or n doping akin to that routinely exploited in current semi-conductor
technology. Indeed a p and n character has recently been verified in suspended graphene
containing single substitutional B and N atom dopants.29 Under certain circumstances,
boron and nitrogen doping is also expected to induce a band gap in graphene.24, 25.
Key to these proof-of-principle studies, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in
combination with high angle annular dark field (HAADF) imaging in the aberration corrected
scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) are considered particularly useful
techniques for identifying individual nano to atomic scale defects in a material and the
associated effects on its electronic structure and dielectric response.31 Due to the ideal
āgentle STEMā32 combination of ultra-high vacuum conditions and low acceleration voltage
(which minimises any beam-induced damage to the samples), individual B23, 29 and N23, 29, 33,
34 atom dopants in graphene can be identified directly in an ADF image. So-called ācoreā EEL spectra (EEL >ā 50 eV) contain information about the local electronic structure and bonding
in graphene,28, 29, 33-35 while āvalenceā EEL spectra (EEL <ā 50 eV) contain information about
the graphene dielectric response18, 19, 36-41. In combination with simultaneous (STEM) ADF
imaging, EEL spectra allow for a direct correlation of defect-induced modifications of the
graphene electronic structure28, 29, 33-35 and dielectric response18, 19 with atomic scale
structure. These capabilities mean STEM-EELS is an excellent technique for investigating the
interband plasmon response induced by individual B and N atom dopants in graphene, as this information can be correlated directly with the atomic structure, all within the same
experiment.
In the valence loss spectrum of graphene the so-called āĻ peakā (~ 5 eV) is attributed
primarily to the excitation of the Ļ interband plasmon,37, 39-43 superimposed on a sum over
Ļ-Ļ* interband transitions.37, 39-42 A recent controversy concerning the interpretation of the
Ļ peak41, 44 was addressed in subsequent theoretical studies which show that (for STEMEELS)
the Ļ loss peak is most appropriately interpreted as predominantly due to the
excitation of the interband Ļ plasmon of both doped17 and dopant free15, 16 graphene. In
following with this, we use STEM-EELS to show that a single B or N substitutional atom
dopant induces dampening or enhancement of the graphene interband Ļ plasmon,
respectively, with an estimated relative 16% decrease (B) or 20% increase (N) in quality
factor, and, a ~1 nm localisation in both cases. This effect was observed independently using
two separate STEM-EELS systems (with different yet complementary experimental parameters) and is significantly more pronounced than that previously reported for single Si
atoms.19
Ab initio calculations were carried out on the largest supercells possible whilst keeping the
computational costs tractable to validate the experimental results. While our theoretical
spectra broadly reproduce the trends observed experimentally, it is suggested that the
supercell sizes used in the present work (in practice limited by associated computational
costs) are simply too small to accurately predict the relevant properties of the
experimentally probed systems and faithfully reproduce all the details of the loss function.Nevertheless, our combination of state-of-the-art experimental and theoretical results
demonstrates that the plasmonic properties of graphene can be tailored at the atomic scale,
using an implantation technique already extensively used in semi-conductor industry.23, 29
Atomic scale plasmon engineering of graphene might prove valuable in the quest for
utilising grapheneās properties towards the development of plasmonic and optoelectronic
devices operating in the UV waveband. Indeed, recent reports propose utilising the Ļ
interband plasmon response associated with graphene nanopores as a sensing mechanism
for DNA nucleotides.45, 4